On June 30, 1989, however, military officers under then-Colonel Omar Hassan al-Bashir, with NIF instigation and support, replaced the government with the Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation (RCC), a junta comprised of 15 military officers (reduced to 12 in 1991) assisted by a civilian cabinet. Ralph Bunche Senior Fellow for Africa Policy Studies These three agreements paralleled the terms and conditions of the IGAD agreement, calling for a degree of autonomy for the south and the right of self-determination. Can the UN Protect Its Civilians?South Sudan: The Humanitarian Toll of Half a Decade of WarIn South Sudan, a ‘War on Civilians’ Despite Six Months of Supposed PeaceRecruitment of New Soldiers Threatens South Sudan's PeaceSouth Sudan's War: A Relentless Litany of Almost Unimaginable HorrorsSouth Sudan: The Humanitarian Toll of Half a Decade of WarWhat are the Prospects for South Sudan’s New Peace Agreement? The United States began selling Sudan a great deal of equipment around 1976, hoping to counteract Soviet support of On April 6, senior military officers led by General Abdul Rahman Suwar ad-Dahhab mounted a coup. When Sadiq al-Mahdi refused to approve a peace plan reached by the DUP and the SPLA in November 1988, the DUP left the government. These people were unable to grow food or earn money to feed themselves, and malnutrition and starvation became widespread. After the ravages of Sudan’s first civil war, it should have been unthinkable for Northern and Southern leaders to contemplate resolving their differences through force of arms. Some observers wondered whether hard line elements in the north would allow the treaty to proceed. Sudan relied on a variety of countries for its arms supplies.

The Second Sudanese Civil War was a conflict from 1983 to 2005 between the central Sudanese government and the Sudan People’s Liberation Army. These included the Khartoum, Nuba Mountains, and Fashoda agreements that ended military conflict between the government and significant rebel factions. In the six years since, the nation in northeastern Africa has fought to keep the peace, first during an armed conflict with Sudan that ended in 2015, then during a violent civil war which is still going on. In 1983, as part of an Islamicization campaign President Nimeiry declared his intention to transform Sudan into a Muslim Arab state, divided the south into three regions and instituted On April 26, 1983, President Nimeiry declared a state of emergency, in part to ensure that Shari’a was applied more broadly. Dividing largely on ethnic lines, forces loyal to President Salva Kiir, a Dinka, fought those supporting his ex-deputy, Riek Machar, who is a member of the Nuer ethnic group.Fighting began when Kiir accused Machar of plotting a coup against him. The south was held to be more similar to the other However, in 1946 the British gave in to northern pressure to integrate the two areas. In September 2001, former U.S. But this was simply a sign of much deeper tensions in the relationship between the two leaders and the groups they represent. But war creates war. The new government consisted essentially of the Umma and the Islamic fundamentalist NIF. The Second Sudanese Civil War was a conflict from 1983 to 2005 between the central Sudanese government and the Sudan People's Liberation Army.It was largely a continuation of the First Sudanese Civil War of 1955 to 1972. It is unclear to what extent this initiative will have a significant impact on the search for peace, as some critics view it as more aimed at a resolution among northern political parties and protecting the perceived security interests of Egypt in favor of the unity of the Sudan.

In July 2000, the Libyan/Egyptian Joint Initiative on the Sudan was mooted, calling for the establishment of an interim government, power sharing, constitutional reform, and new elections. The Second Sudanese Civil War started in 1983, largely a continuation of the First Sudanese Civil War of 1955 to 1972. The Soviet Union continued to supply weapons until 1977, when their support of Western countries began supplying Sudan again in the mid-1970s. Some fled into southern cities, such as Juba; others moved as far north as Khartoum and even into Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Egypt, and other neighboring countries. Ethnic groups — whether Nuer, Dinka or one of South Sudan’s many other communities — provide social safety nets in times of need in ways their government is not capable of doing.


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