There is a bio kerosene approved certification (ASTM D7566) since 2011 and modern engines are certified for using a mix of up to 50% drop-in fuel.The key point is the lack of economic viability. The reasons are diverse: first, oil is a nonrenewable resource and will be finished at an unknown date in the future; second, having an alternative source might give airlines a choice, and getting some more control on the fuel market than depending of a single provider; and finally, the alternative fuel should be more ecological and its production cycle would leave a smaller carbon footprint, reducing local and climate change emissions.The task of finding the right product is proving to be extremely difficult. It is lighter than Jet A and more difficult to handle due to its high flammability feature.

It has the advantage of a very low freezing point of − 60The basic commercial service kerosene is the Jet A family. Kerosene is a mixture of hydrocarbons and does not have a single chemical formula. A solid propellant is a mixture of oxidizer (such as ammonium perchlorate) and binder (such as polybutadiene) in optimized proportions to achieve complete combustion at high energy.

The most volatile fraction of the oil, gasoline, remained an embarrassing waste product until it was discovered that this could be burned in a light internal-combustion engine;…

As in all the cases of weight versus energy comparisons, the result is more favorable for short and medium range models.

Though its use as an illuminant has greatly diminished, kerosene is still used extensively throughout the world in cooking and space heating... Our present experience shows slight heating power advantages in some tested drop-in biofuels, but always of a very small magnitude.The systematic use of electricity is not enough developed to establish accurate figures. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V.URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0123694000005494URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123864543008666URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167299198805569URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123868749000014URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9789380308463500194URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081022917000022URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780702062841000155URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128136751000114URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0122274105009091URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128125816000028Fundamentals and Practices in Colouration of TextilesBiomass valorization for better aviation environmental impact through biocomposites and aviation biofuelStructural Health Monitoring of Biocomposites, Fibre-Reinforced Composites and Hybrid CompositesEntropy Generation of Nanofluid by Means of Semi Analytical MethodsApplications of Semi Analytical Methods for Nanofluid Flow and Heat TransferEncyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology (Third Edition)ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V.


Many airlines has performed regular flights with a mix of bio and fossil kerosene without any incidence.

A basic solid fuel uses the same components, but with only the percentage of oxidizer necessary for its combustion with a quantity of binder to transform the rest of the binder to a combustible gas which burns with air in the ramjet combustor. The term drop-in describes these type of fuels.


Commercial aircraft fly at cruise altitudes in which external air temperature may reach − 60There have been a high level of research and the consequent testing to find an alternative to kerosene.

Torsten Kaltschmitt, Olaf Deutschmann, in Advances in Chemical Engineering, 2012. History at your fingertips Some applications of those technologies are already in commercial service.

A key element is the amount of changes that a new and different fuel might require in the air transport system. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL INFORMATION 3.1 CHEMICAL IDENTITY Information regarding the chemical identity of fuel oils is located in Table 3-l. Information on the composition of selected fuel oils, specifically fuel oil no. 2 and kerosene, is presented in Table 3-2.


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