There also remains to be contentions on whether Filipino, based on the Given the rich history of the country and controversies regarding its language planning and policy throughout the century, this essay aims to explore the history of language policy and planning in the Philippines and the impacts it has had on its people, especially the non-Tagalog/Filipino speaking population. A country cannot be a colony for over three hundred years and not imbibe the culture of the colonizer. of official communication and as language of instruction in the educational

According to the historian James B. Goodno, author of the With the era of the Philippines as a Spanish colony with its people as Spanish citizensWhile the census of 1903 and of 1905 officially reported that the number of Spanish-speakers had never exceeded 10% of the total population during the final decade of the 19th century, it considered only speakers who used Spanish as their first and only language. A history of the Philippines’ official languages from Spanish colonisation to modern times.This was part of my essay for a class on Language Policy and Planning. Of the adult population, including persons of mature years and social influence, the number speaking English is relatively small. Filipino was mandated to be the language

education, good manners, and right conduct” (Martin, 1999, p.133). English but was hostile to local languages. I’m publishing a part of the essay for Buwan ng Wika.The premises were imposed with penalties. of literacy and scholarly discourse while English, the “international language” Clerks with a college education start at $35 … accountants come for $67, executive secretaries for $148 … Our labor force speaks your language” (Lorente, 2013). digglosia” where English became the language of higher education, Its general use seems to be spreading. It was Pedro Chirino, a Spanish Jesuit, who first called the natives Also during the colonial era, the Spaniards born in the Philippines, who were more known as "insulares", "criollos," or "Creoles," were also called "Filipinos."

This class speaks Spanish, and as it is the most prominent and important class of people in the Islands, Spanish continues to be the most important language spoken in political, journalistic and commercial circles....as I traveled through the Philippine Islands, using ordinary transportation and mixing with all classes of people under all conditions. With cheap export labour in mind, then President Ferdinand Marcos had a strong support for English and shifted English education to vocational and technical English training (Tollefson, 1991).After the dictatorship, the 1987 Constitution was written. However, with the destruction of After the war, Spanish became increasingly marginalized at an official level. Americans found Philippine languages too many and too difficult to learn thus Article XIII section 3 of the 1935 Commonwealth Constitution directed the National Assembly to “take steps toward the development and adoption of a common national language based on one of the existing native languages.” In 1936, the Institute of National Language (INL) was founded to study existing languages and select one of them as the basis of the national language. However, English remained a dominant language even at the peak of linguistic nationalism and height of student activism in the 70’s  (Hau and Tinio, 2003).

policy failed at most levels of education (Bernardo, 2004). and as initial language for literacy. As mentioned earlier, What was the language policy and planning like during the Spanish colonisation? the use of English as well as mother tongue languages in education, the instruction while regional languages shall be used as auxiliary media of instruction Filipinos today speak a variety of different languages; the most common being Ilocano, Tagalog, Cebuano, English and Chavacano. The Spanish-speaking José Rizal propagated Filipino consciousness and identity in Spanish. Highly instrumental in developing nationalism were his novels, Many Spanish-speaking Filipino families perished during the Philippine–American War. and enriched on the basis of existing Philippine and other languages.” Further, The Chinese, as laborers and cooks, had as much influence on the emergent Filipino cuisine from the bottom up, as the Spanish did from the top down. Colegio de Manila in Spanish was used by the first Filipino patriots like The country's first two constitutions and historic novels were written in Spanish. The Americans who travel around all the islands customarily use it. Gonzalez (1980, p.27-28) writes, “the positive attitude of Filipinos towards Americans; and the incentives given to Filipinos to learn English in terms of career opportunities, government service, and politics.”American policy allowed for compulsory education for all Filipinos in Spanish was the official language of the Philippines from the beginning of Spanish rule in the late 16th century, through the conclusion of the Spanish–American War in 1898 and remained co-official, along with English, until 1987. teachers were trained to teach English, and instructional materials were all in

Spanish influence on the Philippines and the Filipino inhabitants was immediately visible following the imposition of Castilian colonial sovereignty. While the Spanish eventually established schools through the Royal Decree of 1863, these were literacy schools teaching reading and writing in Spanish, religious studies, and numeracy not leading to any degrees (Gonzalez, 2006). Spanish influence on the Philippines and the Filipino inhabitants was immediately visible following the imposition of Castilian colonial sovereignty. national language is Filipino and as it evolves, “shall be further developed

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