During the Cold War, Georgi Markov, a Bulgarian dissident, was killed with a poison-tipped umbrella. Theory has it that the exiled Russian tycoon was slain by Western secret services linked to the plan to overthrow the Kremlin leader. Dr Bernard Riley believed him and tried to save his life.© 2020 BBC. POISON-TIPPED UMBRELLA.


A history of political poisonings He died after an agonising six-day battle in hospital.Ex-KGB agent Alexander Litvinenko was poisoned in London in 2006 when a radioactive substance was poured into his tea pot at a Mayfair hotelAlexander Perepilichnyy, a key witness in a £140million tax fraud investigation, collapsed while jogging outside his £3million mansion in Weybridge, Surrey, in November 2012.The Russian had ingested gelsemium – a very rare toxic plant found only in China, a coroner heard.
See today's front and back pages, download the newspaper, Some of the worlds are: Planet Earth, Under The Sea, Inventions, Seasons, Circus, Transports and Culinary Arts. Sergei Skripal and daughter Yulia are not the first victims of suspected foul play at the hands ofTheresa May has warned of a robust response if Russia fails to explain how a nerve agent developed by the Soviet Union was used in an attack on a former Russian double agent who passed secrets to British intelligence.Below are details of the nerve agent and previous incidents in which critics or enemies of Moscow have been victims of poisoning or suspected poisoning, or have cried foul after suddenly falling ill.British scientists identified the substance that Skripal and his daughter were exposed to as part of the highly-lethal Novichok group of nerve agents developed by the Soviet military in the 1970s and 1980s.Russia has denied any role in the poisoning and says Britain is whipping up anti-Russian hysteria.First developed in the former Soviet Union in the 1970s and 1980s, Novichok, or "newcomer", is a series of highly toxic nerve agents with a slightly different chemical composition than the more commonly known VX and sarin poisons.Novichok agents are believed to be five to 10 times more lethal, although there are no known previous uses.Moscow is not believed to have ever declared Novichok or its ingredients to the Hague-based Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), which oversees a treaty banning their use.The chemical "causes a slowing of the heart and restriction of the airways, leading to death by asphyxiation", said pharmacology expert Prof. Gary Stephens at the University of Reading. The Kremlin has denied involvement.An inquiry led by a senior British judge found that former KGB bodyguard Andrei Lugovoy and another Russian, Dmitry Kovtun, carried out the killing as part of an operation that he said was probably directed by Russia’s Federal Security Service (FSB), the main heir to the Soviet-era KGB.An outspoken critic of Putin, Litvinenko fled Russia for Britain six years to the day before he was poisoned.Alexander Perepilichny, a 44-year-old Russian, was found dead near his luxury home on an exclusive gated estate outside London after he had been out jogging in November 2012.Perepilichny had sought refuge in Britain in 2009 after helping a Swiss investigation into a Russian money-laundering scheme.His sudden death raised suggestions that he might have been murdered.British police ruled out foul play despite suspicions he might have been murdered with a rare poison.An inquest into his death has yet to give a definitive conclusion as to how he died.A pre-inquest hearing heard that traces of a rare and deadly poison from the gelsemium plant had been found in his stomach.Perepilichny had enjoyed a large bowl of soup containing sorrel, a popular Russian dish. Alexei has toxic poisoning. Video, 00:02:33When unemployment topped 3m - and kept rising. It was one of the most audacious acts of the Cold War which could have come straight from the pages of a spy novel.In 1978, Georgi Markov was jabbed with an umbrella which fired a poison pellet into his leg as he crossed Waterloo Bridge in London while he waited for a bus.He died three days later – and for almost 40 years, mystery has surrounded the whereabouts of his killer.


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