According to this database, floods in mainland Portugal caused 1012 deaths, 478 injured, 13,372 displaced and 40,283 homeless people in this period (33).

As uncertainty in the assessment of climate change impacts is high, flexibility of adaptation strategies is particularly advantageous (24).The new EU Directive on flood risk management, which entered into force in November 2006, introduces new instruments to manage risks from flooding, and is thus highly relevant in the context of adaptation to climate change impacts. October 13, 2006 (2.20 MB) Heavy rains left central Portugal in a state of emergency on October 25, 2006, said news reports. Furthermore, in many regions, people have been encroaching into, and developing, flood-prone areas, thereby increasing the damage potential. In summer and autumn, river flows are projected to decrease in most of Europe, except for northern and north-eastern regions where autumn flows are projected to increase (20). By the time the clouds cleared on October 27, the tributaries of the Tejo (Tagus) River were still swollen with the run-off. In particular, flash and urban floods, triggered by local intense precipitation events, are likely to be more frequent throughout Europe (15).Flood hazard will also probably increase during wetter and warmer winters, with more frequent rain and less frequent snow (16). No clear trend was found in the occurrences of flash, river and urban floods in Northern Portugal over more than 150 years, according an analysis of a DISASTER databasecovering floods and landslides over the period 1865-2016 that caused deaths, injuries, missing, displaced or homeless people in mainland Portugal during the period of 1865-2010 (32). They concluded, therefore, that there is Although there is as yet no proof that the extreme flood events of recent years are a direct consequence of climate change, they may give an indication of what can be expected: the frequency and intensity of floods in large parts of Europe is projected to increase (14). Changes in the terrestrial system, such as urbanisation, deforestation, loss of natural floodplain storage, as well as river and flood management have also strongly affected flood occurrence (13).In 2012 the IPCC concluded that considerable uncertainty remains in the projections of flood changes, especially regarding their magnitude and frequency.

Deforestation, soil impermeability, chaotic urbanization, building on floodplains, the blockage of small creeks or their canalisation, and the building of walls and transverse embankments along the small creeks all contribute to the aggravation of this kind of flood (21).Climate change will affect high and low flows of large rivers around the globe. Three countries had damages in excess of €10 billion (Italy, Spain, Germany), three in excess of 5 billion (United Kingdom, Poland, France) (2).Expressed in 2006 US$ normalised values, total flood losses over the 1970–2006 period amounted to 140 billion, with an average annual flood loss of 3.8 billion (4).
In southern parts of Europe, a slightly decreasing trend in annual river flow has been observed (10).In the Nordic countries, snowmelt floods have occurred earlier because of warmer winters (11). Important factors of relevance to flood risk are population and economy growth, flood protection strategy, flood risk awareness (or flood risk ignorance) behaviour and a compensation culture (23).Non-structural measures are in better agreement with the spirit of sustainable development than structural measures, being more reversible, commonly acceptable, and environment-friendly.

A trend of decreasing flood magnitudes has been found for Spain and Portugal for the period 1956–1995 (26).

The Directive introduces a three-step approach (2):The references below are cited in full in a separate map 'References'.
As flood safety cannot be reached in most vulnerable areas with the help of structural means only, further flood risk reduction via non-structural measures is usually indispensable, and a site-specific mix of structural and non-structural measures seems to be a proper solution. Large river floods are caused by heavy rains associated with a westerly zonal circulation that may persist for weeks. The system of dams within the basin reduces the frequency of flooding, but cannot `tame' the river. In mountainous regions of central Europe, however, the main identified trends are an increase in annual river flow due to increases in winter, spring and autumn river flow. One of the worst hit locations was Albufeira, where a number of residents had to evacuate from their homes [EPA] Southern Portugal has been slammed by … Heavy rains left central Portugal in a state of emergency on October 25, 2006, said news reports. heavy rainfall vs spring snowmelt), affected in different ways by climate change. The direct anthropogenic causes include land use change, river channel modifications and increased activities in areas vulnerable to floods. October 13, 2006 (2.20 MB) Heavy rains left central Portugal in a state of emergency on October 25, 2006, said news reports. Patches of freshly burned land along the right side of the lower image are red.

Predicted reductions in summer flow are greatest for southern and south-eastern Europe, in line with the predicted increase in the frequency and severity of drought in this region.Climate-related changes in flood frequency are complex and dependent on the flood generating mechanism (e.g. Furthermore, there is Despite the considerable rise in the number of reported major flood events and economic losses caused by floods in Europe over recent decades, no significant general climate‑related trend in extreme high river flows that induce floods has yet been detected (7).Hydrological data series do not indicate clear upward trends in the frequency and magnitude of floods in Europe. The 1967 Portugal floods (the "Big floods") were flash floods that took place in 25 and 26 November 1967, Portugal, in the Lisbon metropolitan area, affecting a total of 14 municipalities. It was also the deadliest natural hazard in Portugal since the 1755 Lisbon earthquake. Roads have been blocked and some houses and public buildings damaged.


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