Therefore, understanding stateless nations allows you to gain a better perspective on why certain areas in the world are violence-ridden. A stateless nation is an ethnic group or nation that does not possess its own state[1] and is not the majority population in any nation state. Minoritize is a verb used in the social sciences to critically describe the processes which create inequity between groups in a given country. Have their own Parliaments in Norway, Sweden & Finland but Sami groups seek more territorial autonomy. The following is a list of ethnic and national groups where there exist notable independence movements as evidenced by standalone Wikipedia articles. In 1947, the United Nations decided to divide the country of Palestine (an area of about 2,400 square miles or 6,215 square kilometers) into a Jewish state (which became Israel) and an Arab state. These group names can vary over time and may depend on preferences. It was a defeat for the Church, but a victory for increased individualism in regard to spirituality and group belonging. If Kurdistan were its own country, it would extend across 193,000 square miles (500,000 square kilometers) currently within the borders of southeastern Turkey, northern Iraq, northern Syria and northwestern Iran. Others include Palestinians, Basques, and Roma. Test your knowledge with gamified quizzes. It refers to the relationship between the dominant group which identifies with national identity is more supported by the countrys political, social and economic systems, and less powerful communities whose interests are not as well-served by them. Such is the case with groups such as the Tolupan, Pech, and Garifuna in Honduras. Another . There is no universally accepted definition of what constitutes a state, [1] or to what extent a stateless group must be independent of the de jure or de facto control of states so as to be considered a society by itself. By this point, you should already be familiar with the term nation, and that it refers to a group of people with a common culture occupying a particular territory. Identify your study strength and weaknesses. It was a defeat for the Church, but a victory for increased individualism in regard to spirituality and group belonging. Palestinians aren't a homogenous ethnic or religious group like the Kurds and the Rohingya. They are quite common throughout the world and consistently make major headlines. The Post-Colonial Era in the Middle East: Iran and Turkey, Part 10. Kurdistan is not the only example of violence due to stateless nations. The term stateless nation is used of ethnic groups which are not the majority population in any nation state and for whom it is implied that they "should have" such a state. B. had several forerunners. After Jews were expelled from Spain in 1492, many become "crypto-Jews," celebrating their faith and customs in secret, but in public, pretending to be Christians. This section gives an overview of national identities and how they formed in the Middle East, and how they differ with European and global views on national identity. Palestine, which includes the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, has Observer status at the United Nations but is not a member of the UN General Assembly. Empires, nation-states, city-states, and kingdoms are just a few examples of political entities. As such, the term expresses irredentism. [12] Multiple stateless nations can reside in the same geographical region or country; for example, the Tuareg, Toubou, Rifians, Kabyle in North Africa, Chin, Kachin, Karen, Mon, Rakhine, Rohingya and Shan in Myanmar, or Galicians, Cantabrians, Asturians, Aragonese, Basques, Catalans, Valencians and Andalusians in Spain.[13]. Stateless Nations Examples of Nations Nation-states Japan Denmark Multi-national states China (Tibet) Stateless nations Kurds (in Iraq, Turkey, Iran) Basques (in Spain, France) Divided nations Korea (North and South) Point of View Turkey, Iraq, Iran, and Syria may see the Kurds as unreliable, untrustworthy traitors who want to break apart those countries. These cases typically have involved violent or deceptive removal tactics such as those used historically by the US. Thus, qawmia is usually how the word nationalism is translated. The map of the Middle East is diverse already with Arabic, Hebrew, Turkish and Persian linguistically defining the political borders not the monolithic image most people have of the Middle East as a location exclusively Arabic-speaking place. The Kurds currently reside in Iraq, Iran, Syria, and Turkey, but they have not established an internationally-recognized state based on their national identity. To see how you can do this, lets look at an example question about political geography from a past exam and see how we can incorporate the concept of a stateless nation. Thailand is home to an estimated 2 to 3.5 million stateless individuals. Upload unlimited documents and save them online. Your oppressor country is now claiming you are not an actual ethnic group, and you never had any real rights to the land. This is a list of societies that have been described as examples of stateless societies. Majority of the Circassians were destroyed by Russia in the, Many groups seek for total independence from Italy, while some just want more autonomy and recognition of Venetian language and people. States that developed their national consciousness after the formation of the state do not have a national history that ties to a unique cultural community. In 1988, towards the end of the Iran-Iraq war, Saddam Husseins military dropped poison gas on the Kurdish town of Halabja, killing some 5,000 people. A concern of any country is how to stay sovereign in the face of forces that may divide its citizens. United Nations Refugee Agency (UNHCR) Nansen Refugee Award 2023 (US$ 150,000 Prize) Application Deadline: 17 March 2023. Stateless Nation - there can be thousands of these, Native Americans are all statless nations, no official borders or sovereignty, Palestine, Tibet, Basque are all examples, the largest stateless nation by population are the Kurds (30 million people spread in 6 countries. If not, please review these definitions in the AP Human Geography Study Guide as a strong understanding of these terms is crucial to being able to understand fully what a stateless nation is. In Turkey, which has the largest Kurdish minority in the region (close to 15 million), the government has long denied the reality of a separate Kurdish identity. Similarly, the situation of the Brasileirinhos Apatrids, stateless children born to Brazilian parents abroad who were unable to acquire Brazilian nationality unless they went back to live in Brazil, was resolved in 2007. Three of them, plus their coach, were stateless. [24] Nationalism is often connected to separatism, because a nation achieves completeness through its independence. Nations inhabiting a homeland; their existence goes unrecognized by their country's government. - Another important reason is the emergence of new states and changes in borders. It was later adopted and popularized by Scottish scholars such as David McCrone, Michael Keating and T. M. Everything you need for your studies in one place. So what is the answer? By 2019, more than 730,000 Rohingya fled the Rakhine state in Myanmar to escape brutal persecution, including the raiding and burning of entire villages. This is considered insulting or worse. (Conflicts often ensue.) Essentially, it refers to a people without a state. A. The Kurds currently reside in Iraq, Iran, Syria, and Turkey, but they have not established an internationally-recognized state based on their national identity. Sign up to highlight and take notes. 10 The breakdown is as . Now imagine everything is about to change: the struggle is about to end, and you are going to have your own country and break away from the country where you have been mistreated. Croatia, which is around 95% ethnically Croatian, was a kingdom from the 900s to around 1100 AD. Keys to Understanding the Middle East by Alam Payind and Melinda McClimans is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Members have citizenship in the country in which they reside. Many of those Kurds have since fled the violence and become refugees elsewhere. C. Identify and explain one challenge landlocked African countries face in developing viable economies. Kurds got the short end of the straw when borders in western Asia were drawn and redrawn. There are also numerous Kurdish, Arab, Azeri, Assyrian, Jewish, Iranians, among others, and each may be speakers of a different language, and/or adherents to a different religious tradition. Well give you challenging practice questions to help you achieve mastery in AP Human Geography. National devolution, further autonomy or total secession from Mali. Kurdish populations are spread between four countries (Turkey, Syria, Iraq and Iran) in all of which they live as (sometimes persecuted) minorities. Chuck Holton has spent two decades reporting on wars and disasters in more than 100 countries. Many nations were not always subject to the laws of a state. For example, Arab-majority countries of the Middle East all share Arab identity, language and heritage, although they have very different national identities. Indigenous groups in Latin America often fall into these categories; they may be protected in theory in state constitutions but suffer substantial discrimination in day-to-day life. For example, Arab-majority countries of the Middle East all share Arab identity, language and heritage, although they have very different national identities. It also touches upon the issues of inequity that national identity formation often creates. Stephen C Cory, Alam Payind and Melinda McClimans, Next: Part 8. Each year, the UNHCR Nansen Refugee Award recognizes several individuals, groups or organizations that have shown exceptional dedication in protecting and assisting refugees, internally displaced or stateless people. Not all of the trapped players were Thai, though. 3 - Kurdistan ("Kurdish-inhabited area") in the 1990s. The favoring of a united single state is also associated with unionism (Pakistani nationalism, Indian nationalism, Chinese nationalism,[32] British nationalism, Spanish nationalism, Russian nationalism). What countries have stateless people? The Tibetan nation ruled a powerful empire from the 600s-800s AD. Even today the colonial boundaries form modern national boundaries. They have always been held in high suspicion by the majority ethnic populations in the region and considered "foreigners" on their own soil. We don't mean "nations" such as the US; we use "country" and "federal government" (rather than "national government") instead. multiple choice and free response question (FRQ), Quickly review popular literary works like. A stateless nation is an ethnic group that does not form a majority in the country or countries where its homeland is located. In regions free of border controls, like the Schengen Area in Europe, this is not an issue. We visit five prominent stateless nations to find out how they got that way. Check out our other articles on APHuman Geography. Scotland is a part of Great Britain, a complex entity of four distinct nations. They are thus called stateless nations. Countries such as Australia and Canada have similar systems. The Kurds are one of the largest stateless nations, with over 20 million people dispersed throughout six countries: Syria, Iraq, Turkey, Iran, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. The US, for example, is a multinational state, because it contains hundreds of Native American nations. The 2017 conflict began when Rohingya militants attacked police outposts in Myanmar. However, within those political boundaries, there is even more diversity to be grappled with, and understood. Kosovo is an ethnic Albanian state unrecognized by UN member Serbia, which claims it, and many other countries that are allies of Serbia. Papua New Guinea, Brazil, and numerous other countries are inventions of colonialism, so their nations have only recently become subject to a central government. Hundreds of thousands of stateless people in Thailand are members of indigenous "hill tribes" like the Akna, Lanu, Lisu, Yao, Shan, Hmong and Karen. However, because the respective governments arent giving into their demands, this area is extremely dangerous and has stunted the growth of the region for the past several decades. Middle East in the 1970s and 80s, Part 12. National identity is therefore a complicated topic in the context of the Middle East. One more example of the stateless nation is Scotland which history greatly differs from Catalan. For example, going off of the previous example of the Kurds, the geographic area of eastern Turkey, northern Iraq, and western Iran is the land that the Kurds believe belong to them, and is known as Kurdistan. To take an example from Arabic speaking communities of the Middle East. Although the Palestinians are the majority in Jordan, the country was not created as a nation state for the Palestinians. Stateless nations either are dispersed across a number of states (for example, the Yakthung Limbu People residing in east of Nepal, includes (Sikkim and Darjeeling) India and north-western part of Bangladesh as the Yakthung Limbuwan nation[9] and Yoruba people are found in the African states of Nigeria, Benin and Togo) or form the native population of a province within a larger state (such as the Uyghur people in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region within the People's Republic of China). Nation-state: A state in which the cultural borders of a nation correspond with the state borders of a country (e.g. Create and find flashcards in record time. Examples of stateless nations: The Kurds currently reside in Iraq, Iran, Syria, and Turkey, but they have not established an internationally-recognized state based on their national identity. As you can see, despite the fact that the concept of stateless nations is relatively not as important as compared to other concepts in geographic studies, it is a major key to understanding why the world is the way it is right now. Buffer State States that are allowed to exist by neighboring states (to help relieve tension between the neighboring states). Over 90% of the 3,000 or so ethnic nations in the world are technically stateless under this definition. True. The Kurdish people are consistently shortchanged. They resent the fact that they are not recognized and given political control over the land that they believe rightfully belongs to them. The Jews were a stateless nation until 1948 when they declared Israel a state, and immediately gained recognition from the U.S., followed by the rest of . These often differ from cultural boundaries. 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